4^th World Congress on Parkinsons & Huntington Disease August 29-30, 2018 Zurich, Switzerland

Parkinsons disease is a neurodegenerative disorder and the cause of it remained a mystery to the scientific community. Researchers says by exposing to harmful chemicals and Pesticides mutations occurs in the genes and results in neurological disorders. With age, the condition of disease increases exponentially and men are in higher proportion to prone compared to women. On an average 10million individuals are found to be suffering from Parkinson’s disease, from where only four percent of people with Parkinson’s disease are diagnosed before the age of 50. An estimated of 40% to 60% of Parkinson disease patients suffering from depression. United States stands in the fourth position in considering the death of people due to Parkinson’s disease.

Neurons are the specialized cells that are responsible for communication, when they cannot produce signals communication between nervous system breaks and results in neuromuscular disorders. Most of these disorders are thought be inheritable and treatment is given to improve the life of patient and no cure is available to completely eradicate the condition.

Huntington’s disease is inherited from Parents and often symptoms will be more like Parkinson’s disease which include problem with mood, mental abilities, Swallowing, Speaking, Sleep Disturbances followed by loss of co-ordination and unsteady gait. A gene called HTT(Huntingtin) which is responsible for coding protein Huntingtin, if any mutation to that gene it will cause disturbances in the brain and results in death of brain cell and leads to Huntington’s disease. Abnormalities with the mutant huntingtin include Cardiac Failure, Weight Loss, Osteoporosis, reduced glucose level. This condition is normally observed in the individuals under the age of fifties.

Symptoms and progression of disease will not be similar among the suffering individuals but people with Parkinson’s are at higher rate of developing related risks. Developing these conditions is not a certainty, only a possibility. Knowing the conditions can help a person with Parkinson’s disease or associated symptoms and helps to take preventative measures for a better life. Parkinsons disease have a chance of creating mental ailment which can be mild or serious. It includes cognition (early stage symptoms), mood, behaviour which are considered as major impairment when compared to normal populational. The common mood alterations seen in the patients are despair, eagerness, indifference.

Parkinson’s disease is originated because of the gradual loss of cells in the substantia nigra of the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that transmits signals between two regions of the brain to coordinate activities like movement of limbs. If there is deficiency in dopamine production results in loss of co-ordination and end up with symptoms of PD. As the disease progresses, nervous system and brain degenerates causing a higher movement disorder.

Early stage identification of Parkinson’s disease is difficult but includes some imaging studies. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and CT (computer tomogram) are used by many physicians to find out other relating Parkinson’s diseases such as encephalitis, Tumours, Hydrocephalus. Level of dopamine release and activity of brain can easily detect using PET and SPECT examining.

Parkinson's disease is usually accompanied by additional problems, which may be cured and they are thinking difficulties, swallowing problems, depression and emotional changes, sleep difficulties,  constipation, blood pressure changes, fatigue, pain.

The known cause of Parkinson’s disease is reduced level of dopamine production by neurons in the brain but surprisingly the main cause was malfunctioning of cell organelles like mitochondria leads to increased oxidative stress which in turn results in cell death and finally ends with Parkinsons disease with motor and non-motor symptoms. The reason may be both genetic and environment factors.

 No cure has been identified to Parkinson’s disease, but use of drugs can slow down the  progression. Normally prescribed by physicians include change of life style, regular  aerobic  exercise and prescribed therapeutic supplement. It is noted that people will  have beneficial  effect who are taking co-enzyme Q10 during their initial stage of  disease. It is unclear how  genetical changes cause Parkinson disease or influence the  risk of developing the disorder.  Some gene mutations(alterations) such as LRRK 2,  PARK 7, PINK 1, PRKN disturb the cell  mechanism that breaks down undesired  proteins in neurons which are responsible for  dopamine production. Hence,  undegraded proteins accumulate, resulting in death of vital  nerve cells and  subsequently lowers the level of dopamine production. In most cases of  Parkinson  disease, protein deposits called Lewy bodies. It is unclear whether Lewy bodies  play a  key role in killing nerve cells or just part of the cells which are responsible to the  disease. Yoga, massage, acupuncture, meditation, music or art therapy, alexander  technique  is also regarding as best methods to control neurological disorders  particularly Parkinson’s  disease, Alzheimer’s and neuropsychiatric. Tetrabenazine,  neuroleptics, mirtazapine can be  taken to for treating chorea.

 Since the symptoms and progression of disease are not similar among individuals early  stage  detection can help to reduce the worseness. Treatment and complete abolition is not  known to  research groups but maintaining the instructions and following the medication  prescribed by  physician can better the life. Individual should get practised to maintain the  stress levels and  depression by daily communicating with close relatives, friends. Patients  can improve the life  by following guidelines given by counsellor.

 Presently Deep brain stimulation is widely recommended for improving people suffering with  Parkinson’s disease one is deep brain stimulation (DBS) and is performed by inserting a tube in  the small intestine and is used to treat a variety of deactivating neurological symptoms most  commonly the draining symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), such as tremor, rigidity,  stiffness, slowed movement, and walking problems. There will be no effect with using DBS to  healthy brain tissue by terminating nerve cells. Instead the procedure blocks electrical signals  from targeted areas in the brain.

 Free radicles have both beneficial and baleful effect to human body. These are produced  with in  the body by metabolism and enters body through external sources such as  pollution, radiation,  therapeutics etc; Oxidative stress is known to cause many  neurological diseases such as  Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral  sclerosis(ALS). With oldness, there is a  typical failure of the dopamine producing  neurons. Out of surprise 2% of the 1 million people  with the disease are thought to be  below the age of fifty. In some of the rare situations  symptoms are seen in children and  teens and it is known as juvenile parkinsonism.

 The commonly used drug to treat Parkinson’s disease is Levodopa which has higher  frequency  to develop motor Fluctuations and results in L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID).  Since the  Characteristic key cause of Parkinson’s disease is reduced production level  dopamine by  neurons, research studies developed a molecule called LXR (Liver X  Receptor) where it has got  potential to reduce the loss of dopaminergic neurons.  Researchers propose novel ideas to treat  Parkinson’s disease to reduce the risk of causing  side effects, frequency of dyskinesia, to treat  cognitive disorders such as anxiety and  depression.

 To develop a promising drug or treatment for Parkinson’s disease observational study is  been  conducted by scientist in laboratory to provide patients with better life. Clinical    trials are  performed to slowdown the progression and reduce the symptoms.